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[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-86px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is gaining renewed interest as a next-generation biofuel and green industrial solvent. It offers several advantages over ethanol: higher energy density, lower volatility, better blend...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-98px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Algae—micro or macro, photoautotrophic or heterotrophic—are versatile biological factories capable of producing lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, pigments, and valuable secondary metabolites. While algal biofuels like biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas have...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-88px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction As the world seeks carbon-neutral alternatives to fossil fuels, photoautotrophic microorganisms—organisms that use light as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source—are emerging as ideal biofuel producers....

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-87px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass often involves two distinct approaches: Thermochemical processing, such as pyrolysis or gasification, which breaks down biomass at high temperatures into bio-oil or syngas Biochemical...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-93px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂), the most abundant greenhouse gas, is often viewed as waste. But with the rise of carbon capture and synthetic biology, it is increasingly seen as a...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-89px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Algae, particularly microalgae, are fast-growing photosynthetic organisms capable of producing large quantities of lipids (fats), which can be converted into biodiesel and other biofuels. While native algal strains offer...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-84px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Lignocellulosic biomass—comprising agricultural residues, forestry waste, and non-edible plants—is the most abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. Rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, it holds immense promise as a...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-92px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methanol conversion represents a critical pathway in the transition to a circular carbon economy. As CO₂ levels rise due to fossil fuel combustion and industrial...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-89px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Cyanobacteria—oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes—have gained immense attention as solar-powered cell factories for sustainable fuel production. They naturally use CO₂ and sunlight to grow, and with metabolic engineering, they can be...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-91px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Cellulosic biomass—such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and energy crops—contains abundant polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) locked within a rigid lignin matrix. Producing biofuels from cellulosic feedstocks traditionally requires multiple...