Insights
Enzyme-Based Carbon Capture for Fuels
Introduction As global carbon emissions rise, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining momentum—particularly methods that convert waste CO₂...
Photofermentation for Bioethanol Production
Introduction Bioethanol is one of the most widely used biofuels, traditionally produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast. However,...
Microbial Synthesis of Biobased Surfactants
Introduction Surfactants (surface-active agents) are key ingredients in detergents, personal care, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, helping to...
Advanced Microbial Pathways for Polyamide Production
Introduction Polyamides, commonly known as nylons, are versatile polymers used in textiles, automotive parts, packaging, and engineering plastics....
Bio-catalytic Conversion of Lignin to Aromatics
Introduction Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose, comprising up to 30% of plant biomass. It is a highly branched,...
Bioelectrochemical Systems for Methane Production
Introduction Methane (CH₄) is the primary component of biogas, widely used as a renewable energy source for cooking, electricity, heating, and...
Biological Production of Succinic Acid
Introduction Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid (C₄H₆O₄) recognized as one of the top 12 platform chemicals by the U.S. Department of...
Metabolic Pathway Engineering for Terpenes
Introduction Terpenes are a diverse class of naturally occurring hydrocarbons built from isoprene units (C₅H₈) and include monoterpenes,...
Bioconversion of CO₂ to Acetate
Introduction Acetate is a versatile two-carbon (C₂) molecule widely used in solvents, plastics, food preservatives, and as a chemical building...
Microbial Electrosynthesis for Organic Acids
Introduction Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an innovative biotechnological process that uses electrically active microbes to convert CO₂ or...
Biobased Succinic Acid from Corn Stover for Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Other Chemicals
Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid used as a building block in bioplastics (like PBS), solvents, plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, and as...
Biobased 1,3-Propanediol from Corn Sugar for Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) and Personal Care Products
1,3-Propanediol (PDO) is a versatile diol used in manufacturing polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) — a next-generation polyester — and as a...
Biobased Epoxy Resins from Cardanol, a Cashew Nut Shell Liquid, for Composites
Epoxy resins are high-performance thermosetting polymers widely used in composites, coatings, adhesives, and electronics due to their excellent...
Biobased Superabsorbent Polymers from Starch and Cellulose for Personal Care Products
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials capable of absorbing and retaining large volumes of water or bodily fluids relative to their mass. They...
Vanillin Production from Lignin via Enzymatic or Chemical Conversion
Vanillin, the primary component of vanilla flavor, is widely used in food, beverages, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals. Traditionally sourced from...