Insights

Syngas fermentation is an emerging biotechnological solution that converts synthesis gas—a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂),...

Introduction Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) is a multi-enzyme complex that plays a central role in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids from simple...

Introduction Lignin, one of the three primary components of plant biomass (alongside cellulose and hemicellulose), is a highly complex, aromatic...

Introduction CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a genome editing technology that allows precise, efficient, and...

Introduction Thermochemical conversion refers to processes that use heat and chemical reactions to transform biomass into fuel-like products. One...

Introduction Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of biodegradable, bio-based polyesters synthesized naturally by bacteria as intracellular...

Introduction Fermentative butanol production refers to the microbial conversion of sugars and biomass into n-butanol, a four-carbon alcohol that...

Introduction Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of natural compounds, with over 80,000...

Introduction Solvents are a critical component of industrial processes, used across paints, coatings, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, adhesives, and...

Introduction Aromatic amino acids (AAAs)—primarily phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan—are key building blocks in biology and crucial precursors...

Introduction Vitamins are essential micronutrients required for human health, but many cannot be synthesized by the body and must be sourced...

Introduction Syngas—a mixture of CO, CO₂, and H₂—is a valuable intermediate generated from gasification of biomass, municipal solid waste, or...

Introduction Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and hydrogen (H₂), is generated from gasification of biomass,...

Introduction Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is gaining renewed interest as a next-generation biofuel and green industrial solvent. It offers...

Introduction Algae—micro or macro, photoautotrophic or heterotrophic—are versatile biological factories capable of producing lipids, carbohydrates,...