Insights

Introduction Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of natural compounds, with over 80,000...

Introduction Solvents are a critical component of industrial processes, used across paints, coatings, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, adhesives, and...

Introduction Aromatic amino acids (AAAs)—primarily phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan—are key building blocks in biology and crucial precursors...

Introduction Vitamins are essential micronutrients required for human health, but many cannot be synthesized by the body and must be sourced...

Introduction Syngas—a mixture of CO, CO₂, and H₂—is a valuable intermediate generated from gasification of biomass, municipal solid waste, or...

Introduction Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and hydrogen (H₂), is generated from gasification of biomass,...

Introduction Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is gaining renewed interest as a next-generation biofuel and green industrial solvent. It offers...

Introduction Algae—micro or macro, photoautotrophic or heterotrophic—are versatile biological factories capable of producing lipids, carbohydrates,...

Introduction As the world seeks carbon-neutral alternatives to fossil fuels, photoautotrophic microorganisms—organisms that use light as an energy...

Introduction Producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass often involves two distinct approaches: Thermochemical processing, such as pyrolysis or...

Introduction Lignocellulosic biomass—comprising agricultural residues, forestry waste, and non-edible plants—is the most abundant renewable carbon...

Introduction Algae, particularly microalgae, are fast-growing photosynthetic organisms capable of producing large quantities of lipids (fats), which...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂), the most abundant greenhouse gas, is often viewed as waste. But with the rise of carbon capture and synthetic...

Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methanol conversion represents a critical pathway in the transition to a circular carbon economy. As CO₂ levels...

Introduction Cyanobacteria—oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes—have gained immense attention as solar-powered cell factories for sustainable fuel...