Insights
Microbial Production of Succinic Acid from Lignocellulose
Introduction Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid used as a platform chemical in industries ranging from bioplastics (PBS),...
Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Introduction Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), also known as 2-oxoglutarate, is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, essential...
Bio-based Production of Adipic Acid from Sugars
Introduction Adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) is a key industrial dicarboxylic acid primarily used in the production of nylon-6,6, polyurethanes,...
Fermentation of Agricultural Residues to Xylitol
Introduction Xylitol is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol (C₅H₁₂O₅) widely used as a low-calorie, non-cariogenic sweetener in food,...
Bio-based Production of Azelaic Acid
Introduction Azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid) is a naturally occurring C9 dicarboxylic acid valued for its applications in personal care (acne...
Microbial Synthesis of Biobased Nylons
Introduction Nylons (polyamides) are high-performance engineering plastics used in automotive parts, textiles, electronics, and packaging....
Metabolic Engineering for Biobased 1,4-Butanediol
Introduction 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a key industrial chemical used in the synthesis of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyurethanes, spandex...
Production of Biobased Caprolactam via Fermentation
Introduction Caprolactam is a vital intermediate chemical used almost exclusively for manufacturing nylon-6, a widely used engineering polymer in...
Bio-based Production of Ethylene from Ethanol
Introduction Ethylene is the world’s most produced organic compound, acting as a key building block for plastics (like polyethylene), antifreeze,...
Biocatalytic Synthesis of Biobased Acrylonitrile
Introduction Acrylonitrile is a critical industrial monomer used in producing ABS plastics (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), carbon fiber...
Microbial Production of Terephthalic Acid (TPA)
Introduction Terephthalic acid (TPA) is a vital aromatic dicarboxylic acid, used primarily in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate...
Metabolic Engineering for Biobased 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP)
Introduction 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a highly versatile C3 platform chemical with applications in biodegradable plastics, acrylic acid,...
Fermentation-Derived Isosorbide Production
Introduction Isosorbide is a renewable, rigid, and thermally stable bicyclic diol derived from glucose. It plays a key role in the production of...
Biological Production of Biobased Epoxides
Introduction Epoxides are reactive three-membered cyclic ethers that serve as versatile intermediates in the production of plastics, resins,...
Enzyme Engineering for Biobased Dicarboxylic Acids
Introduction Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) are essential platform chemicals used in polyesters, nylons, resins, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals. Common...