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[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-99px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a genome editing technology that allows precise, efficient, and programmable modification of DNA in living organisms. Since its discovery as a...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-97px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Thermochemical conversion refers to processes that use heat and chemical reactions to transform biomass into fuel-like products. One such product is biocrude—a thick, viscous, petroleum-like liquid that can be...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-93px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of biodegradable, bio-based polyesters synthesized naturally by bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage materials. PHAs are attracting global attention as sustainable alternatives to...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-95px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Fermentative butanol production refers to the microbial conversion of sugars and biomass into n-butanol, a four-carbon alcohol that functions as a biofuel and industrial solvent. Historically part of the...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-90px|||||" global_colors_info="{}" min_height="3895.6px"]Introduction Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of natural compounds, with over 80,000 identified structures. They are built from five-carbon units—isopentenyl...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-94px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Solvents are a critical component of industrial processes, used across paints, coatings, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, adhesives, and cleaning agents. However, most traditional solvents are derived from petrochemicals, contributing to air...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-88px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Aromatic amino acids (AAAs)—primarily phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan—are key building blocks in biology and crucial precursors in the biosynthesis of natural flavors, fragrances, sweeteners, and nutraceuticals. These amino acids...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-94px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Vitamins are essential micronutrients required for human health, but many cannot be synthesized by the body and must be sourced externally. Traditionally produced via chemical synthesis or plant extraction,...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-88px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Syngas—a mixture of CO, CO₂, and H₂—is a valuable intermediate generated from gasification of biomass, municipal solid waste, or industrial flue gases. Traditionally, converting syngas into fuels relies on...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-94px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and hydrogen (H₂), is generated from gasification of biomass, municipal waste, or industrial emissions. While traditionally used in thermochemical...