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[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-84px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Lignocellulosic biomass—comprising agricultural residues, forestry waste, and non-edible plants—is the most abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. Rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, it holds immense promise as a...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-92px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methanol conversion represents a critical pathway in the transition to a circular carbon economy. As CO₂ levels rise due to fossil fuel combustion and industrial...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-89px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Cyanobacteria—oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes—have gained immense attention as solar-powered cell factories for sustainable fuel production. They naturally use CO₂ and sunlight to grow, and with metabolic engineering, they can be...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-91px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Cellulosic biomass—such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and energy crops—contains abundant polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) locked within a rigid lignin matrix. Producing biofuels from cellulosic feedstocks traditionally requires multiple...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-91px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Ethanol production by yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a cornerstone of the global biofuel economy. Traditionally used for fermenting glucose to ethanol in sugar- and starch-based systems, yeast is...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-91px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Lignocellulosic biomass—such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and dedicated energy crops—contains two major types of fermentable sugars: C6 sugars (hexoses) like glucose and C5 sugars (pentoses) like xylose and...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-95px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Agricultural residues such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, and other crop byproducts are abundant, renewable, and underutilized. These residues are rich in lignocellulosic biomass, comprising...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-85px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Hydrogen (H₂) is a clean and high-energy fuel that plays a crucial role in the global shift towards decarbonized energy systems. Among the various production methods, biological hydrogen production...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-86px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction While microalgae are best known for photosynthetic lipid production, certain species can also grow heterotrophically—using organic carbon sources instead of light. These heterotrophic microalgae offer a promising alternative for...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-91px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"]Introduction Nucleotide sugars are activated sugar donors involved in glycosylation, the process of attaching sugars to proteins, lipids, and small molecules. These compounds are vital precursors for the biosynthesis of...