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[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_padding="0px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-20px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction As global carbon emissions rise, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining momentum—particularly methods that convert waste CO₂ into fuels. Traditional CCU often involves chemical sorbents...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-76px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-11px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Bioethanol is one of the most widely used biofuels, traditionally produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast. However, conventional methods depend on food-based feedstocks and face...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-74px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-22px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Surfactants (surface-active agents) are key ingredients in detergents, personal care, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, helping to emulsify, wet, disperse, and clean. Globally, most surfactants are petroleum-derived, raising...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-82px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-13px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Polyamides, commonly known as nylons, are versatile polymers used in textiles, automotive parts, packaging, and engineering plastics. Traditionally, they are synthesized from petrochemical monomers such as...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-77px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose, comprising up to 30% of plant biomass. It is a highly branched, aromatic-rich polymer found in...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-32px|||||" custom_padding="0px|||||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="18px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-16px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Methane (CH₄) is the primary component of biogas, widely used as a renewable energy source for cooking, electricity, heating, and vehicle fuel. Traditionally, it...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-62px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-24px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid (C₄H₆O₄) recognized as one of the top 12 platform chemicals by the U.S. Department of Energy. It serves as...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-59px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-35px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Terpenes are a diverse class of naturally occurring hydrocarbons built from isoprene units (C₅H₈) and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and more. Found in plants, fungi, and...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-64px|auto||auto||" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" min_height="3881.8px" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" custom_margin="-33px|||||" sticky_enabled="0"]Introduction Acetate is a versatile two-carbon (C₂) molecule widely used in solvents, plastics, food preservatives, and as a chemical building block. Traditionally, it is synthesized from...

[et_pb_section fb_built="1" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_row _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_column type="4_4" _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" global_colors_info="{}"][et_pb_text _builder_version="4.24.1" _module_preset="default" custom_margin="-76px|||||" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" sticky_enabled="0"] Introduction Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an innovative biotechnological process that uses electrically active microbes to convert CO₂ or other carbon sources into value-added chemicals, using electrodes as electron...