by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Surfactants (surface-active agents) are key ingredients in detergents, personal care, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals, helping to emulsify, wet, disperse, and clean. Globally, most surfactants are petroleum-derived, raising concerns about toxicity,...
by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Polyamides, commonly known as nylons, are versatile polymers used in textiles, automotive parts, packaging, and engineering plastics. Traditionally, they are synthesized from petrochemical monomers such as adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, raising...
by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose, comprising up to 30% of plant biomass. It is a highly branched, aromatic-rich polymer found in the cell walls of plants, giving them rigidity and resistance to degradation. Despite...
by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Methane (CH₄) is the primary component of biogas, widely used as a renewable energy source for cooking, electricity, heating, and vehicle fuel. Traditionally, it is produced via anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste by methanogenic archaea. However,...
by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid (C₄H₆O₄) recognized as one of the top 12 platform chemicals by the U.S. Department of Energy. It serves as a precursor for bioplastics, solvents, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and polymers such as...
by | Jul 8, 2025 | Uncategorized
Introduction Terpenes are a diverse class of naturally occurring hydrocarbons built from isoprene units (C₅H₈) and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and more. Found in plants, fungi, and microbes, they serve essential roles in flavor, fragrance,...
