Insights

Introduction Cyanobacteria—oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes—have gained immense attention as solar-powered cell factories for sustainable fuel...

Introduction Agricultural residues such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, and other crop byproducts are abundant,...

Introduction Lignocellulosic biomass—such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and dedicated energy crops—contains two major types of...

Introduction Ethanol production by yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a cornerstone of the global biofuel economy. Traditionally used...

Introduction Cellulosic biomass—such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and energy crops—contains abundant polysaccharides (cellulose and...

Introduction While microalgae are best known for photosynthetic lipid production, certain species can also grow heterotrophically—using organic...

Introduction Nucleotide sugars are activated sugar donors involved in glycosylation, the process of attaching sugars to proteins, lipids, and small...

Introduction Microbial Electrochemical Cells (MECs) are innovative bioelectrochemical systems that leverage the metabolic activity of microbes to...

Introduction Anaerobic Co-Digestion (AcoD) is an advanced biological process that involves simultaneous digestion of multiple organic waste streams...

Introduction Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer found in plant cell walls, accounts for 15–30% of lignocellulosic biomass and is the largest...

Introduction Renewable diesel—also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)—is a high-quality, drop-in replacement for petroleum diesel, produced...

Introduction Biodiesel, a renewable alternative to petroleum diesel, is typically produced via transesterification of triglycerides using methanol...