Fermentation

Fermentation is a biological conversion process that uses microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to transform renewable biomass into valuable products including biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and biomaterials. Operating under mild...

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion process in which organic materials are heated to elevated temperatures in the complete or near-complete absence of oxygen. Unlike combustion, where oxygen enables the complete oxidation of biomass into carbon dioxide and water,...

Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils

Introduction Biodiesel, a renewable alternative to petroleum diesel, is typically produced via transesterification of triglycerides using methanol and a chemical catalyst. However, traditional chemical methods face issues when using waste cooking oils (WCOs) or high...