Biofabrication of Renewable Polyesters

Introduction Polyesters—widely used in textiles, packaging, and engineering plastics—are typically made from fossil-based monomers like terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Their growing environmental impact has led to increasing interest in renewable polyesters,...

Cell-Free Biosystems for Biochemical Production

Introduction Modern biotechnology has long relied on microbial cell factories for producing valuable chemicals, fuels, and materials. However, living cells come with constraints: toxicity limits, resource competition, and metabolic complexity. Enter cell-free...

Biosynthetic Pathways for Biobased Ethylene

Introduction Ethylene (C₂H₄) is the world’s most produced organic chemical, forming the backbone of plastics, solvents, textiles, and packaging. Traditionally derived from steam cracking of fossil hydrocarbons, ethylene production accounts for significant carbon...

Microbial Production of Renewable Acrylic Acid

Introduction Acrylic acid is a high-demand industrial monomer used in superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), paints, coatings, adhesives, and textiles. Traditionally, it is produced via the oxidation of propylene, a fossil-based process that emits large quantities of CO₂ and...

Microbial Electrosynthesis for Organic Acids

 Introduction Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an innovative biotechnological process that uses electrically active microbes to convert CO₂ or other carbon sources into value-added chemicals, using electrodes as electron donors or acceptors. One of the most...